What Is Knee Replacement Surgery?
Total knee replacement (also called total knee arthroplasty) is a surgical procedure in which damaged cartilage and bone from the knee joint are removed and replaced with artificial components made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics, and polymers. It is most commonly performed to relieve severe pain and restore function in people with advanced osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or significant joint damage from injury.
Who Is a Candidate?
Your doctor may recommend knee replacement when:
- Knee pain significantly limits daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, or getting in and out of chairs
- Pain persists even at rest or during the night
- Non-surgical treatments — physical therapy, medications, injections — have not provided adequate relief
- Imaging (X-rays or MRI) shows significant joint damage
Age is less of a factor than overall health. Surgeons typically assess cardiovascular health, body weight, bone quality, and realistic post-operative goals before recommending surgery.
Before the Procedure: How to Prepare
Preparation can significantly improve your outcome. Key steps include:
- Pre-operative assessment — blood tests, ECG, and imaging to confirm you are fit for surgery.
- Medication review — some medications, including blood thinners and anti-inflammatories, may need to be paused before surgery.
- Home preparation — arrange for help at home, install grab rails, and clear pathways to make post-surgery movement safer.
- Pre-habilitation — strengthening the muscles around the knee before surgery can improve recovery speed.
What Happens During Surgery?
The procedure typically takes between one and two hours under general or spinal anaesthesia. The surgeon reshapes the surfaces of the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone), removes damaged tissue, and implants the prosthetic components. A plastic spacer is placed between the metal parts to create a smooth gliding surface.
Recovery: What to Expect
Recovery is a gradual process. Here's a general timeline, though individual experiences vary:
| Timeframe | Typical Progress |
|---|---|
| Day 1–3 | Standing with support; physical therapy begins in hospital |
| Week 1–2 | Walking short distances with a walker or crutches |
| Week 3–6 | Increasing mobility; transitioning to a cane if advised |
| 3–6 Months | Most daily activities resumed; continued physical therapy |
| 12 Months | Full recovery for most patients |
Potential Risks and Complications
As with any major surgery, there are risks. These include blood clots (deep vein thrombosis), infection, implant loosening over time, stiffness, and nerve or blood vessel injury. Your surgical team will take preventive steps — such as compression stockings, blood thinners, and early mobilisation — to reduce these risks.
Questions to Ask Your Surgeon
- Am I a good candidate based on my health profile?
- What type of implant will be used, and why?
- What are realistic expectations for pain relief and function?
- How long is the expected hospital stay?
- What does the rehabilitation plan look like?
This article is for informational purposes only. Always consult your orthopaedic surgeon for personalised advice regarding your condition and treatment options.